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Laura R. Bass and Margaret R. Greer, eds.
Approaches to Teaching Early Modern Spanish Drama.
New York: MLA, 2006. 281p.
Ana Isabel Carballal
University of Nebraska - Omaha
This volume belongs to a collection series prepared by Joseph Gibaldi with the purpose of
helping instructors learn effective ways in teaching specific literary genres, works, and
authors in undergraduate and graduate classes in higher education. Edited by Bass and Greer,
it is a well-researched and thorough introduction to the different works, resources,
and approaches used in the American university today to teach drama of the Spanish Golden
Age in combination with other social and literary discourses. One of the interesting
features of this volume is the unambiguous distribution of its contents, which not
only makes it easy for their reading but also provides wonderful tools for quick reference.
The book is divided in two parts. The first part, titled "Materials," is devoted to an
in-depth review of the anthologies, series, bilingual editions, and translations of
the major Golden Age works in Spanish published in the United States and abroad. Besides
a complete reference to secondary sources, including scholarly studies on each subject
and author in the form of books and articles, it offers analysis of the main academic
journals dedicated to the study of this period of Spanish literature. At the end of this
part, there are also a few pages listing a series of visual supports such as illustrated
books, movies, and internet resources that are essential in this age of technology and
indispensable for any instructor who wants to attract and engage students in the classroom.
The second part of the book, titled "Approaches," is a collection of 25 articles, written
by some of the most experienced teachers in the field, addressing some of the challenges
instructors are confronted with, and revealing the practices and pedagogies applied
successfully to the teaching and learning of the theater of the Spanish Golden Age.
One of those challenges, bridging the gap in space and time between living in Spain in
the 16th and 17th centuries and living in the United States in the 21st century is
answered by instructors who open their classes with a consideration of those plays
as products of social processes that should be studied, such as: the difference
between honor and honra at all social levels, the definition of the concepts
such as limpieza de sangre (blood purity) and the consideration of women and marriage
in the Spain of that time. Innovative approaches are also the use of Italian renaissance
art, emblems, and dresses as a way to help the students learn about the culture of Spain,
show them the interconnections among different European countries, and make them aware
of the social differences and mobility of the time.
A second challenge taken up by the authors is to provide students with a theoretical
background that will help them to combine the study of Spanish theater with the most
important issues addressed by language and literary theory. In this regard, for some
of these authors, polimetría (poetic meters) must be studied
as a critical example of how the different discourses were formulated and how the use
of one meter or other could defy the social and political order. Besides a historical
and literary approach to the dramas, it is also necessary to analyze notions such as
poetic discourse, dramatic space, and gender issues, this last component being crucial
to a course on Spanish plays written by women.
A third issue of discussion is the study of these plays within a comparative context
that will aim to connect them with some of the most famous literature written in the
same period but in different countries or with similar topics, contents, characters,
and points of view. Examples of this are courses where students are forced to make
connections between the Spanish comedia of the 16th and 17th centuries and the
Greek tragedy, the theatrical performances of the 20th century in Spain and even the
American sitcom. There are also courses that bring together the Spanish plays with those
written at the same time in England and France, resulting in a very interesting mixture
between, for instance, Life is a Dream by Calderón and The Tempest
by Shakespeare, or between Lope's Fuenteovejuna and Moliére's Le
Misanthrope. These juxtapositions not only compel the students to realize the economic,
social, and political connections between countries but also the emergence in all of them
of an ever more powerful middle class.
The last nine articles of the volume address the study of these Golden Age plays from a
cross-cultural and transatlantic perspective and the use of pedagogical and technological
innovations to attract the attention and increase the understanding of these
increasingly technologically engaged students. The connections between Spain and America
in the study of the Golden Age facilitates the learning and application of postcolonial
theories and the realization of the influence between the colonizers and the colonies
that started in modern times and continues today. Pedagogically, it is important to
notice the use of trials where students have to act out the roles of specific play
characters, analyzing and judging their behavior, and the use of mentors within the
class that forces the students to stop being passive recipients of knowledge to become
a part of the plays, do research and data recollection and share their findings with
the rest of the class. Technologically, the use of web sites, streaming video,
Macromedia Flash animations (used to demonstrate some theatrical concepts),
library electronic reserves, and particularly notable, the creation of annotated
editions of the plays read in class by the students themselves, are some of the
ideas these scholars propose in their essays.
Finally, it is important to notice two sections at the end of this volume; one, a glossary
of key terms, that should be shared with students, and two, a list of works cited, plays,
and playwrights that complements very nicely the first part of the volume and that will
become very handy when instructors get ready to put together a course of these
characteristics.
As stated, this volume could become a wonderful tool for new and more seasoned instructors
of Golden Age. Its clarity and the variety of approaches described offer an indispensable
collection of resources that will help towards the solution of many challenges. Maybe
the only criticism would be that at times some authors focused more on the content of
the course than on the pedagogical development of it, which may cause some readers
difficulty in seeing how these concepts are better applied to a particular course or
audience. Some of the articles lack an analysis of the possible problems that may result
from the implementation of certain types of instruction. Although nearly every scholar
reported success using these approaches, sometimes readers may miss ideas on how to
apply these different approaches to integrate the various learning styles of their
students.
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